Domestic Violence High in Egypt, Affecting Women’s Reproductive Health
Reported, December 05, 2011
Violence against women is a costly and pervasive public health problem and a violation of human rights. In Egypt, a third of women are physically abused by their husbands, according to the 2005 Egypt Demographic and Health Survey (DHS). Most victims suffer silently and dont seek help to prevent or stop the violence because they think it is part of life or they are embarrassed by the abuse.
In 1996, the World Health Assembly declared violence against women to be a major public health problem that urgently needed to be addressed by governments and health organizations. Gender-based violence causes a host of health problems that drain health systems’ resources, limit women’s growth and productivity, and hinder governments from achieving their national goals related to health and womens empowerment. The impact on women’s health, in particular, is well documented. Domestic violence is a major cause of disability and death among women worldwide, and puts women at a higher risk for unintended pregnancies and sexually transmitted infections, including HIV/AIDS. Gender-based violence has also been linked to increased risk of gynecological disorders and pregnancy complications, and violence during pregnancy can cause serious harm to both the mother and fetus.
Figure 1
Percentage of Married Women Who Have Experienced Spousal Violence, by Wealth
Quintiles, Egypt 2005
Source: Fatma El-Zanaty and Ann Way, Egypt Demographic and Health Survey 2005.
Risk Factors
Violence against women in Egypt, particularly spousal violence, is rooted in the subordinate position of women in the family and society. The stigma against divorced women, for example, puts Egyptian women who had a previous marriage at highest risk of abuse; they are twice as likely as women who are in their first marriage to be physically abused by their husband recently (during the 12 months prior to the DHS).
Poor and less-educated womenwho generally tend to marry at a younger ageare more likely to experience spousal violence than those who marry later and have more education. Gender-based violence is more common among less privileged women: Women belonging to the lowest wealth quintile are more than twice as likely as those in the highest wealth quintile to experience spousal violence (Figure 1). But no group of women is immune to the violence: 14 percent of women who have completed at least secondary education reported having experienced spousal abuse.
Impact on Women’s Reproductive Health
Violence against women has a host of negative reproductive health outcomes, including more sexually transmitted infections (STIs), higher rates of unintended pregnancy, limited utilization of prenatal care, and low birth weight. Egyptian women who experienced spousal violence reported having more children and more unintended pregnancies; among women who gave birth during the five years prior to the DHS, 28 percent of those who experienced violence recently said they did not want their last birththey wanted it at least two years later or not at allcompared with 20 percent of those who never experienced spousal violence. Furthermore, women who experienced violence were less likely to use antenatal care during their last pregnancy.
The DHS survey asked women whether they had a sexually transmitted infection or other symptoms in the past year. Women who reported spousal violence were more likely to report having STIs, particularly if there were more recent episodes of violenceone in four women who experienced violence in the 12 months prior to the survey also reported having an STI (Figure 2).
Figure 2
Percentage of Married Women Who Reported STIs in the Past Year, by Experience of Spousal Violence, Egypt 2005
Source: Fatma El-Zanaty and Ann Way, Egypt Demographic and Health Survey 2005.
Need for Action
Preventing gender-based violence and punishing the predators upholds women’s rights as full citizens and helps countries meet their development goals of improving maternal and child health. Interventions to address gender-based violence must focus on the legal, social, cultural, and health implications. By knowing that change in any of these areas takes time, particularly on the legal front, the Egyptian government and the NGO community can take these immediate steps:
Using educational and communication tools to educate men and women and raise public awareness that violence against women is not legitimate or acceptable and has a negative impact on the health and well-being of women and their children; the messages have to be clear, scientific, and agreed upon by religious leaders.
Improving girls’ and boys’ access to quality education and trying to raise the status of women in family and society.
Providing health services and counseling for abused women that are integrated into existing maternal and child health services.
Funding research to better understand the causes, magnitude, and forms of gender-based violence and to guide policies and prevention programs for men and women.
Credits and more Information: Eman M. Monazea and Ekram M. Abdel Khalek , Check out at:http://www.prb.org/Articles/2010/domesticviolence-egypt.aspx
Women Health care Mobile Unit in Egypt
Women Health Outreach program (WHOP) is a project of the Ministry of Communications and IT and the Ministry of Health which offers mobile health care services with a caravan fully equipped with state of the art digital mammography screening equipment, for women over the age of 45 years old