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Reducing mother-to-child HIV transmission
– Reported, May 22, 2014
Health experts are reviewing a years-long effort to reverse a deadly trend for mothers and newborns in Laos, which has the highest death rate in Southeast Asia for both groups. Offering free maternal and child health care since 2011 and doubling health expenditures in the past decade have helped, but more is needed to reduce preventable deaths, say experts.
Free service delivery addresses the supply side of services, but there is less emphasis… to ensure that people access services and seek care in hospitals and clinics, Rizvina de Alwis, the UN Population Fund’s (UNFPA) deputy representative to Laos, told IRIN.
Changing reproductive care-seeking behaviour, especially for isolated communities, has been difficult: Nearly 90 different languages are used among some 50 officially recognized ethnic groups, complicating communication between health workers and patients. Cash for out-of-pocket hospital payments and reproductive health awareness and services are lacking, especially in rural mountainous areas where most of the population lives.
Nearly 67 percent of the population lives in remote areas, where inadequate rural roads and poor transportation deter hospital births.
Women might have to wade through water or walk for days in order to give birth in a hospital, said Siriphone Sally Salkuku, UNFPA Lao’s coordinator for sexual and reproductive health. We are trying to encourage villages to keep standby vehicles, suc as tractors, to bring women to the health centres.
But one in five people nationwide has no access to roads, according to the Ministry of Health’s 2012 Health Service Delivery Profile (HSDP). Out-of-pocket payments compound the problem.
Since the government issued a free mother and child health care decree in 2011, women have been able to deliver babies at no cost, but consumable medical commodities such as painkillers are not covered, according to WHO, which noted that over 60 percent of all health expenditures per person are still out-of-pocket. Most patients do not have enough to cover even minimal payments, said Salkuku, and many must sell land or animals before seeking care. The national average monthly wage in 2012 was US$116, and this was generally less in rural areas.
It is a big financial burden for farmers, said Eunyong Ko, a WHO medical officer based in Vientiane. Laos ranks 159 out of 161 countries evaluated in 2011 for density and reach of healthcare workers, according to Save the Children. There is a critical shortage of health worker personnel, according to the health ministrys 2012 HSDP.
In 2010, the government resumed midwifery education after a 20-year hiatus. But while more than 5,000 midwives have undergone the two-year midwifery course and 175 schools have gained equipment to train midwives, only 41.5 percent of births were attended by a skilled birth attendant in 2012, according to the HSDP. Some 170 midwifery tudents are expected to graduate in 2013.
Meanwhile health staffing shortages still require patients families to provide food and care, which means lost income if they miss work, according to UNFPA and doctors at the Vientiane-based Mother and Child Hospital.
Sexual and reproductive ill-health are among the most important contributors to the burden of diseases among young people, such as HIV infection, other sexually transmitted infections, unsafe abortion and unintended pregnancy, said WHOs Ko.
Laos adolescent fertility rate is high, with 11 percent of women aged 15-19 giving birth annually; the youngest mothers face heightened risks of potentially fatal complications, such as eclampsia, pre-eclampsia and post-partum haemorrhage.
Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) disproportionately affect youths nationwide. The UNFPA-supported Vientiane Youth Centre for Health Development (VYCHD) is Lao’s sole public health clinic offering reproductive health services to those aged 15 to 29.
Traditional culture inhibits talking about sexual and reproductive health for young, unmarried people, said the centres director, Dalyvan, who also goes by one name. Our services allow youths to remain anonymous so they feel more comfortable coming to us when they have a problem.
While the rate of STIs, including HIV, remains low – at 0.2 percent- nationwide, young women under the age of 30, particularly those who migrate from rural areas to Vientiane seeking work, are at high risk of infection, according to UNFPA.
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